COURSE OF STUDIES OF MBBS

Basic Medical Sciences

Anatomy
The curriculum of anatomy covers all aspects, gross and microscopic anatomy, embryology and neuro-anatomy. The study of cell biology includes membranes, organelles, inclusion, metabolism, transport, division, growth, aging and cell specialization. Gross anatomy covers the study of structure and function of human organs, systems and their relation to each other.
The study of embryology covers principles of reproduction, foetal growth and development, including explanations of various structural relationships in the human body and developmental anomalies. The students will use 3D simulated film of embryo development on the computer. Practical experience will be gained by going over dissected parts and systems of the human body, with the help of models, specimens, 3D computer simulations and histology slides. Students will be expected to develop clear concepts of anatomy.
Neurosciences provide a unified approach to the study of central nervous system, i.e. fundamental concepts of neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, and clinical neurology. The course begins with structural and developmental aspects of the brain and spinal cord.
Clinical presentations highlight the importance of major neurobiological principles in hospital setting. The course faculty includes anatomists, physiologists, biochemists and neurosurgeons.
At the end of every topic, a special emphasis is laid on clinical anatomy. Lectures are coordinated by surgeons, anatomists and physicians to highlight clinical importance of the systems covered.

Biochemistry
Biochemistry course aims to give the students an understanding of basic principles of Structure and function of various chemical elements that constitute living cells.
The course is structured into several distinct portions in order to provide a logical approach to the subject:

• Molecular biochemistry
• Nutritional biochemistry
• Metabolism
• Clinical and applied biochemistry
• Biochemical genetics
• Molecular Endocrinology
• Molecular cell biology

Laboratory practical classes are held to assist in elucidating the concepts discussed in lectures and seminars. Students will be introduced to methods of biochemical practical, relevant to clinical sciences. They will also be introduced to the concepts of chemical pathology, in which measurement of bio-molecules is used for diagnosis and monitoring of the disease states.
Modern techniques used in the clinical service and basic research laboratories will be introduced with hands on various procedures to familiarize the students with scientific basis of modern methods along with their limitations and costs.
Physiology
The study of physiology covers the function and behavior of living systems from sub cellular and cellular levels to, organ function and body as a whole. The interaction of living organisms with the environment concept of biological control of systems, and biophysics of cell membranes would be given special emphasis. The study of the physiological functions of major organs and systems of the body would be dealt with special emphasis on the functions of behavior, internal homeostasis, voluntary and involuntary motor control. Work in the laboratory will also include in-video study of organ functions, hands on advanced recording and monitoring equipment and the techniques will be arranged through the year of study.

Practical in physiology will be demonstrated on actual machines, measuring pulmonary, muscular and nerve functions. These will be aided by 3D computers modules and promote patriotism in addition to obtaining clinical training.

Islamiyat and Pakistan Studies
It is important to train young undergraduates to become good Muslims and sound Pakistanis. The subjects of Islamiyat and Pakistan Studies have been included in the curriculum to reinforce their faith in religion and promote patriotism in addition to obtaining clinical training.

Behavioral Sciences
The subject of behavioral sciences has been introduced in the pre-clinical years so that the students can learn to deal with the complexities of life in health and disease. They are trained to get an understanding of interactions between biological changes and psychological and social processes of life.
The course will cover the changes in social and psychological behavior in childhood, adolescence and old age. The effects of stress on personality and immune system will be discussed in detail.

Pharmacology
The course of pharmacology covers the chemical structure of different drugs, their physiological effects on the cells and organs of the human body. The mechanism of action and metabolism of drugs in the body with emphasis on their therapeutics use will be covered.

Forensic Medicine & Toxicology
Students will be learn medico legal aspects of health crimes of violence, such as homicide and suicide, accidents, firearm injuries, explosions, railway and vehicle injuries, infanticide and medico legal autopsy examination. Identification problems of sexual assaults, medico legal aspects of pregnancy, abortions, impotency, application of Dyat and Hudood ordinance in case of Zina (adultery) and other offences. The forensic medicine covers study of medico legal system of the country, duties and responsibilities of doctors, medical aspects of law in relation to poisons, their recognition treatment and collection of viscera and their analytical methods. Factory act, workmen compensation and social security problems (industrial injuries medical negligence, professional secrecy, privileged, communication, legal proceeding, laws of evidence responsibility in law, consent in medical treatment, Validity of printed consent forms and general procedure of inquiring into the matters needing medico legal investigation is also covered in this course.

Pathology
Pathology is concerned with tissue structure and function in disease process and associated clinical signs and symptoms. That is why the clinic-pathological approach is the foundation of clinical practice and must become basis of teaching. With repaid technological advancement, the scope of this subject has been widened with enormous increase in the knowledge of structural and functional changes produced in tissues at the ultra-microscope level.
Pathology course includes general and special pathology, histopathology, hematology, clinical and chemical pathology, immunology, microbiology and Parasitology.
Microbiology covers the fundamental principals bacteriology \, virology, mycology, immunology and Parasitology.

Community Health Sciences
Curriculum of community medicine is planed to prepare the students to become community oriented physicians and thereby contribute effectively to the healthcare system of Pakistan, it will be thought during all five years of M.B.B.S. course. It include the study and application of a wide r4ange of social sciences, concept of health economics, human behavior, socio-anthropology and social determinates of health and disease, the study of epidemiology, demography and bio-statistics will also be introduced at appropriate stages, Special emphasis is given to the planning and management of primary healthcare system and students will involved in field work under the guidance and supervision of staff.

CLINICAL SUBJECTS

Medicine
The principle objective is to educate students through modern means to arrive at a diagnosis and to know the proper management of the disease process, based on physiological, anatomical and pathological foundation which was laid in pre-clinical study years. Students are taught to collect information through history taking, physical examination, and laboratory evaluation. They learn to make differential diagnosis and medical decision for continued evaluation and therapy of patients.
The curriculum is designed to provide maximum flexibility. The Department of Medicine offers an extremely broad range of advance clinical clerkship in general medicine and sub specialties. The students are part of an integrated ward team to apply and extend their clinical skills, medical knowledge and judgment for the care of patients assigned
to them under the direct supervision of senior doctors. In addition to regular clinical sessions, seminars, medical audit meetings and case presentations ensure the students participation in all learning activities.

Surgery
The faculty is responsible for the teaching and training in surgery. Clinical teaching will be provided at Madina Teaching Hospital in the third fourth and final years. They will be taught basic principles in surgery i.e. pre and. post operative assessment, electrolyte balance, wound healing and inflammation. The topics included are malignancy, kin tumors, thyroid diseases, breast pathologies, rectal problems, urinary tract infections, tumors, renal calculi etc.
The department of surgery includes neurosurgery, orthopedic surgery, pediatric surgery, plastic surgery and cardiothoracic surgery. Neurosurgery deals with such diseases as brain and spinal cord tumors, spinal stenosis, disc herniation, head injuries etc. The orthopedic surgery deals with trauma, joint replacement, arthroscopies, hand surgery,
bone tumors, reconstructive surgery in cases of cerebral palsy cases etc.

Obstetrics and Gynaecology
Obstetrics and Gynaecology courses are designed to educate students about male and female reproductive physiology in infancy, childhood and
adolescence, reproductive endocrinology during menstruation, management of pregnancy and delivery and understanding of changes in postmenopausal years.
The program includes management of normal and abnormal obstetrical conditions, the anatomical and physiological variants following child birth and gynaecological abnormalities. The emotional aspects of genital development prenatal and intranatal abnormalities and oncological aspects of reproductive tract are also covered.
Process of labor, delivery and post delivery care of patients will also be taught. Students will be responsible for the preliminary history and examination of selected gynaecological patients, assist ingynaecological operations and participate in postoperative care. They will learn to carry out investigations and to perform minor perations.

Ophthalmology
Department of Ophthalmology will provide instructions to medical students through lectures, demonstrations, discussions, and the opportunity to observe patients and review cases related to eye diseases. Emphasis is on history taking and techniques of examination of the eye.
The course starts during the third year including tutorials, discussions, observing patients, basics of eye including the anatomy, physiology, pathology and clinical methods.
During the fourth year, main emphasis is on eye diseases with relation to clinical methods while patient examination, tutorials and discussions are dealt within the final year.

Otorhynolaryngology (ENT)
Education in ENT begins with out-patient observation, in patient care, attending operation theater and going through clinco-pathologic conferences, where students participate by case presentation. The department will organize seminars and tutorials on common ENT problems.
The course starts during the third year MBBS, which includes, tutorials and discussions, observing patients, basics of ENT including anatomy, physiology, pathology, and clinical methods.
During fourth year MBBS, main emphasis is on ENT diseases with relation to clinical methods. Tests at the end of posting includes MCQs, oral and clinical examination.
While during the final year, tutorials, discussions, patients examination, short reviews of anatomy and physiology are arranged.

Paediatrics
The clinical clerkship in paediatric department provides experience in paediatric wards, nurseries and outpatient clinics. The goal of the clerkship is to enhance students' clinical skill through personal experience and responsibility for patient's care, The students are given an opportunity to participate in seminars and clinical meetings,
Neurology
This deals with the infections and diseases of the nervous system. It provides means for coordinating basic sciences and clinical approach to neurological disorders for patient care. Staff members discuss common disorders of nervous system through seminars and clinical cases with the students.

Psychiatry
Special attention is paid to the understanding of common psychological problems as seen in clinical practice and attention is also given to community psychiatry, where medical students participate to gain clinical experience on psychiatric patients. They learn to take case history and conduct mental status examination. Differential diagnosis and treatments are discussed.

Anaesthesiology
Instructions are given in administration and management of all types of general and local anesthesia for surgical procedures. Skill in resuscitation and airway management is taught. The medical students are taught basic information for the care of unconscious patients, and necessary skills for resuscitation.

Islamic & Pakistan Studies
A course of Islamic and Pakistan studies is compulsory for the university degree.
In addition to existing curriculum for degree classes, Muslim students are taught simple translation of the Holy Quran and Hadith and Fiqah relevant to the medical profession.